Social measures or requirements

This section is specifically focused on issues related to livelihoods, tenure and resource rights, vulnerable groups (including indigenous peoples), resettlement, and benefit-sharing which can be referred to either as “safeguards” or as social standards depending on the initiative.

Safeguards have been traditionally understood to be the operational policies and procedures of multilateral financial institutions such as the World Bank that prevent and mitigate undue harm in the process of implementing development projects.  In other words, safeguards are most commonly associated with a “risk‐based approach”.

More recently, the establishment of the UNFCCC REDD+ safeguards as part of the Cancun Decision marks a shift away from a “do no harm” approach towards an approach that encourages positive social and environmental outcomes. Many emerging programs are looking to the UNFCCC guidance, for example, according to its Charter the FCPF is required to “seek to ensure consistency with the UNFCCC Guidance on REDD” and the VCS JNR requires jurisdictional programs to be carried out in accordance with the Cancun Safeguards.

In addition, private initiatives that develop and implement projects (such as CCBA or Plan Vivo) have developed “social and environmental standards” which must be distinguished from “safeguards” as the latter are binding conditionalities that must be met as part of the regulatory regime or in order to qualify for financing for a project or programme whereas the former are additional qualitative characteristics of a project that are reported in exchange for obtaining a certification.

In contrast, there are no social measures or requirements for developed countries under the UNFCCC (e.g. through JI or the Kyoto Protocol), although the CDM requires a host country to confirm the project contributes to its sustainable development and project level documentation of social impacts and measures to address such impacts. The majority of project-based carbon accounting standards either take a “do no harm” approach to a limited set of social requirements or do not reference them at all. Most voluntary carbon standards recommend projects obtain certification from a separate social/environmental standard (such as CCB). For example, VCS and CCB have partnered to streamline registration for both standards and use a common template for documentation.

REDD+ carbon accounting standards and initiatives that operate at a jurisdictional level (subnational or national) tend to have more stringent requirements around social issues, including an expectation that programmes will take into account the UNFCCC Cancun decision on safeguards, which includes reference to respect for the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples and members of local communities. The UNFCCC has also requested developing countries, when developing and implementing their REDD+ national strategies and action plans, to address forest governance and land tenure issues, and gender considerations. This is also true of the agreement to fund results between Guyana and Norway, whereby Guyana is required to make positive progress on the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples and other local forest communities.